QUIZ MEETING 14
QUIZ : READING COMPREHENSION
1.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?
A.Banking
B.The Federal Reserve System
C.The Board of Governors
D.Monetary Policies
2.The word overseeing in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.Supervising B.Maintaining C.Financing D.stimulating
3.The word confirmed in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A.modified B.considered C.examined D.approved
4.According to the passage, the principal responsibility of the Federal Reserve System is
A.to borrow money
B.to regulate monetary policies
C.to print government securities
D.to appoint the Board of Governors
5.The word securities in the paragraph 2 is intended to mean
A.Debs B.Bonds C .protection D.confidence
6.What happen when the Federal Reserve provides too little money?
A. Demand for loans increases.
B.Unemployment slows down.
C.Interest rates go up
D. Business expand
7.In paragraph 2, the author suggests that inflation is caused by
A. high unemployment rates
B. too much money in the economy
C. very high fuel prices
D. a limited supply of goods
8.What does the author mean by the statement However, in practice, the Federal Reserve does not stray from the financial policies established by the executive branch of the government?
A. The Fed more powerful than the executive branch of the government.
B. The policies of the Fed and of the executive branch of the government are not the
same.
C. The Fed tends to follow the policies of the executive branch of the government.
D. The Fed reports to the executive branch of the government.
9.All of the following statements could be included in summary of the passage EXCEPT:
A. TheFederal Reserve is an independent agency of the United States government.
B. The Federal Reserve controls the flow of money and credit by buying and selling
government securities.
C. The Federal Reserve issues new coins and currency to banks.
D. The Federal Reserve receives its yearly budget from Congress.
Quiz : STRUCTURE
Problem 98 Degrees of Comparison–Irregular Adjectives
Comparative– Superlative–
Adjective to compare two to compare three or more
bad worse the worst
far farther the farthest
further the furthest
good better the best
little less the least
many more the most
much more the most
irregular
comparative than
This ice cream is better than the other brands
irregular
superlative
This ice cream is the best of all
Incorrect: These photographs are very good, but that one is the better of all.
Correct : these photographs are very good, but that one is the best of all.
Incorrect: Please give me much sugar than you did last time.
Correct : Please give me more sugar than you did last time.
Incorrect: This composition is more good than your last one.
Correct : This composition is the most good than your last one.
Problem 99 Degrees of Comparison–Comparative Adverbs
more adverb (two + syllables)
(less) adverb (two + syllables)
adverb –er (one syllable) than
We finished the test more rapidly than Mark
We finished the test less rapidly than Mark
We finished the test faster than Mark
the most adverb (two + syllables)
the least adverb (two + syllables)
adverb –est (one syllable)
We finished the test the most rapidly of all
We finished the test the least rapidly of all
We finished the test the fastest
Incorrect: The students in Dr. Neal’s class complained the most bitter about the grading system.
Correct : The students in Dr. Neal’s class complained bitter than about the grading system.
Incorrect: I wish we could see each other more frequenter.
Correct : I wish we could see each other more frequently.
Incorrect: He drives more fast than she does.
Correct : He drives faster than she does.
Problem 100 Double Comparative
CAUSE RESULT
The comparative S V the comparative S V
The more you review, the easier the patterns will be
Incorrect: The less one earns, the lesser one must pay in income taxes.
Correct :the less one earns, the less one must pay in income taxes.
Incorrect: The louder he shouted, less he convinced anyone.
Correct :the louder he shouted, the less he convinced anyone.
Incorrect: The more you practice speaking, the well you will do it.
Correct :the more you practice speaking, the weller you will do it.
Problem101 Illogic Comparatives General Similarity and Difference
noun (singular) different from that
Football in the U.S.is different from that in other countries
noun (plural) different from those
The rules are different from those of soccer
Incorrect: The English that is spoken in Canada is similar to the United States.
Correct : The English that is spoken in Canada is different from that the United States.
Incorrect: Drugstores here are not like at home.
Correct : Drugstores here are not different from that at home.
Incorrect: The time in New York City differs here hours from Los Angeles.
Correct : The time in New York City differs here hours different from those of Los Angeles.
Problem 102 Illogical Comparatives–Degrees
more + adjective
noun (singular) adjective –er than that
The climate in the North is more severe than that of the South
The climate in the North is colder than that of the South
more + adjective
noun (plural) adjective –er than those
The prices are more expensive than those of the South
The prices are higher than those of the South
Incorrect: The audience is much larger than last year’s concert.
Correct : The audience is much larger than that of last year’s concert.
Incorrect: The rooms in the front are much noisier than the back.
Correct : The rooms in the front are much noisier than those in the back.
Incorrect: The interest on savings account at City Bank are higher than Bank Plus.
Correct : The interest on savings account at City Bank are higher than those of Bank Plus.
QUIZ MEETING 13
QUIZ : READING COMPREHENSION
1.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A.The reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight
B. The advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothers’experiments.
C. The Wright brothers’ experience as pilots.
D. The importance of gliders to the development of airplanes.
2.The word cited in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. Disregarded B. Mentioned C. Considered D. proven
3.The word incessantly in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. Confidently B. Intelligently C. Constantly D. optimistical
4.What kind of experience did the Wright brothers have that distinguished them from their competitor?
A. They were geniuses.
B. They were gilder pilots.
C. They were engineers.
D. They were inventors.
5.Why does the author suggest that the experiments with the wind tunnelwere important?
A. Because they allowed the Wright brothers to decrease the weight of their airplane to
acceptable limits
B. Because they resulted in a three-axis control for their airplane
C. Because they were important in the refinement of the wings for their airplane
D. Because they used the data to improve the engine for their airplane
6.The word they in the paragraph 3 refers to
A. the Wright brothers B. aircraft C. engines D. attempts
7.The word doomed in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. destined to fail B. difficult to achieve
C. taking a risk D. not well planned
8.In paragraph 4, the author suggests that the steam engines used in earlier aircraft had failed because
A. They were too small to power a large plane.
B. They were too light to generate enough power.
C. They did not have internal combustion power.
D. They did not have enough power to lift their own weight.
9.The passage discusses all of the following reasons that the Wright brothers succeeded EXCEPT
A. They worked very well together.
B. They both had practical experience building other aircraft.
C. They made extensive tests before they completed the design.
D. They were well funded.
10.The passage discusses all of the following reasons that the Wright brothers succeeded EXCEPT
A. They worked very well together.
B. They both had practical experience building other aircraft.
C. They made extensive tests before they completed the design.
D. They were well funded
Problem 85 Adjective with Verbs of the Senses
Remember that an adjective, not an adverb, is used after verbs of senses. The following verbs are examples of verbs of the senses:
feel; look; smell; sound; taste
SV (senses) adjective
I feltbadabout the mistake
Avoid using an adverb instead of an adjective after verbs of the senses.
Examples
Incorrect :We love to go to the country in the spring because the wild flowers
smell so sweetly.
Correct :We love to go to the country in the spring because the wild flowerssmell so sweet.
Problem 86 Exact Similarity–the Same as and the Same
Remember that the same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is used between the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
noun the same as noun
This coat is the same as that one
noun noun the same
This coat and that one are the same
noun (plural) the same
These coats are the same
Avoid using to and like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.
Examples
Incorrect :The car is almost the same like mine.
Correct :The car is almost the same asmine.
or
The car and mine are almost the same.
Problem 87 General Similarity–Similar to and Similar
Remember that similar to and similar have the same meaning, but similar to is used between the two nouns compared, and similar is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
Noun similar to noun
This coat is similar to that one
Noun noun similar
This coat and that one are similar
noun (plural) similar
These coats are similar
Avoid using as instead of to. Avoid using similar to after the two nouns or a plural noun.
Examples
Incorrect :I would really like to have a stereo that is similar the one on display.
Correct :I would really like to have a stereo that is similar to the one on
display.
or
The stereo that I would like to have and the one on display are
similar.
Problem 88 General Similarity–Like and Alike
Remember that like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between the two nouns compared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
noun like noun
This coatis like that one
noun noun alike
This coat and that one are alike
noun (plural) alike
These coats are alike
Avoid using as instead of like. Avoid using like after the two nouns or a plural noun.
Examples
Incorrect :The weather feels as spring.
Correct :The weather feels like spring.
Problem 89 Specific Similarity–Quality Nouns
Remember that a noun is used in comparisons of a specific characteristic.
The following are examples of quality nouns:
age; color; height; length; price; size; style; weight
noun V the same noun (quality) as noun
She is the same age as John
Avoid using to, than, or like instead of as. Avoid using a quality adjective instead of a quality noun after the same.
Examples
Incorrect :I want to buy a pair of shoes the same style like these I’m wearing.
Correct :I want to buy a pair of shoes the same style as these I’m wearing.
Problem 90 Specific Similarity–Quality Adjectives
Remember that a quality adjective is used in comparisons of a specific characteristic.The following are examples of quality adjectives:
big; cheap; clear; cold; easy; expensive; hard; heavy; hot; large; light; little; long; old; short; small; tall; young.
Noun V as adjective (quality) as noun
She is as old as John
Avoid using to, than, or like instead of as. Avoid using a quality noun instead of a quality adjective after as.
Examples
Incorrect :Mary’s job is as hard than Bill’s.
Correct :Mary’s job is as hard as Bill’s.
Problem 91 General Difference –Different from and Different
Remember that different from and different have the same meaning, but different from is used between the two nouns compared, and different is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
Noun different from noun
This coat is different from that one
noun noun different
This coat and that one are different
noun (plural) different
These coats are different
Avoid using to and than instead of from. Avoid using different between the two nouns compared.
Examples
Incorrect :Although they are both weekly news magazines,Time and
Newsweek are different from in several ways.
Correct :Although they are both weekly news magazines,Time is
different from Newsweek in several ways.
or
Although they are both weekly news
magazines, Time and Newsweek
are different in several ways.
Problem 92 General Difference –to Differ from
Remember that differ is a verb and must change forms to agree with the subject.
DIFFER from
This one differs from the rest
Avoid using BE with differ. Avoid using than, of, or to after differ.
Examples
Incorrect :Sharon is different of other women I know.
Correct :Sharon is different from other women I know.
or
Sharon differs from other women I know.
Problem 93 Comparative Estimates–Multiple Numbers
much
multiple as many as
Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit
We have half as many as we need
Incorrect:Bob found a job that paid as much twice as he made working at the library.
Correct :Bob found a job that paid twice as much as he made working at the library
Incorrect:The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid three times more than
he asked.
Correct :The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid three times as much as
he asked.
Incorrect:We didn’t buy the car because they wanted as much twice as it was worth.
Correct : We didn’t buy the car because they wanted twice as much as it was worth.
Problem 94 Comparative Estimates –More Than andLess Than more than number
Steve has more than a thousand coins in his collection
less than number
Andy has less than a dozen coin in his pocket
Incorrect: The main library has more as one million volumes.
Correct : The main library has more than one milion volumes.
Incorrect: A new shopping center on the north side will have five hundred shops
more than.
Correct : A new shopping center on the north side will have more than five
hundred shops.
Incorrect: There are most than fifty students in the lab, but only two computers.
Correct : There are more than fifty students in the lab,but only two computers
Problem 95 Comparative Estimates–As Many As
as many as number
We should have as many as five hundred applications
Incorrect:The children can see as much as twenty-five baby animals in the nursery at the
zoo.
Correct :The children can see as many as twenty-five baby animals in the nursery at the zoo.
Incorrect:Many as ten planes have sat in line waiting to take off.
Correct :as many as ten planes have sat in line waiting to take off.
Incorrect:State University offers as much as two hundred major fields of study.
Correct :State University offers as many as two hundred major fields of study.
Problem 96 Degrees of Comparison–Comparative Adjectives
more (less) adjective (two + syllables)
adjective –er (one syllable)
adjective –er
(two + syllables
ending in –y) than
An essay test is more difficult than an objective test
An essay test is harder than an objective test
An essay test is easier than an objective
Incorrect: Ellen has been more happy lately than she was when she first came.
Correct : Ellen has been more lately than she was when she first came.
Incorrect: The book for my engineering course are expensive the books for my othercourses.
Correct : The book for my engineering course are more expensive than the books for my other courses.
Incorrect: The climate here is more milder than that of New England.
Correct :The climate here is milder than that of New England.
Problem 97 Degrees of Comparison–Superlative Adjectives
most (least) adjective (two + syllables)
adjective –est (one syllable)
eadjective –est (two + syllables
ending in –er)
An essay test is the most difficult
An essay test is the hardest
An essay test is the trickiest
Incorrect:Of all the candidates, Alex is probably the less qualified.
Correct :Of all the candidates, Alex is probably the qualifiest.
Incorrect:Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significantresults are in the abstract.
Correct :Although there are a number of interesting findings, the most significant results are in the abstract.
Incorrect:In my opinion, the more beautiful place in Oregon is Mount Hood.
Correct : In my opinion, the most beautiful place in Oregon is Mount Hood.
QUIZ MEETING 12
QUIZ : READING COMPREHENSION
1.Which of the following is the main point of the passage?
A. They were both laboratory and literary alchemists.
B. Base metals can be transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance more perfect
than gold.
C. Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus wrote about alchemy
D. Alchemy was the predecessor of modern chemistry.
2.The word authentic in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. valuable B. genuine C. complete D. comprehensible
3.According to the alchemists, what is the difference between base metals and gold?
A. Perfection B. Chemical content C. Temperature D. Weight
4.According to the passage, what is the “philosopher’s stone”?
A. Lead that was mixed with gold
B. An element that was never found
C. Another name for alchemy
D. A base metal
5.The word cryptic in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. scholarly B. secret C. foreign D. Precise
6.Why did the early alchemists use the terns sun and moon?
A. To keep the work secret
B. To make the work more literary
C. To attract philosophers
D. To produce a written record
7.Who were the first alchemists?
A. Chemists B. Writer C. Artisans D. Linguists
8.In paragraph 3, the author suggests that we know about the history of alchemy because
A. the laboratory alchemists kept secret notes
b. the literary alchemists recorded it in writing
c. the mystical philosophers were not able to hide the secret of alchemy
d. the historians were able to interpret the secret writings of the alchemists
9.Which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
a. Alchemy must be considered a complete failure.
b. Some very important scientific discoveries were made by alchemists.
c. Most educated people dismissed alchemy during the time that it was practiced.
d. The literary alchemists were more important than the laboratory alchemists.
Problem 85 Adjective with Verbs of the Senses
feel; look; smell; sound; taste
S V (senses) adjective
I felt bad about the mistake
Incorrect: Too meal tasted well.
Correct : Too meal tasted good.
Incorrect: The music sounds sweetly and soothing.
Correct : The music sounds sweet and soothing.
Incorrect: When he complained that the food tasted badly, the waiter took it back to the kitchen and brought him something else.
Correct : When he complained that the food tasted bad, the waiter took it back to the kitchen and brought him something else.
Problem 86 Exact Similarity–the Same as and the Same
noun the same as noun
This coat is the same as that one
noun noun the same
This coat and that one are the same
noun (plural) the same
These coats are the same
Incorrect: Is your book the same to mine?
Correct :Is your book the same as mine ? or
Are your book and mine the same?
Incorrect: Are this picture and the one on your desk same?
Correct :Are this picture and the one on your desk the same ?
or
Is this picture the same as on your desk?
Incorrect: The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it was the same a composition he had already read.
Correct : The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it was the same as composition he had already read.
or
Correct : The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it
and a composition he had already read were the same.
Problem 87 General Similarity–Similar to and Similar
noun similar to noun
This coat is similar to that one
noun noun similar
This coat and that one are similar
noun (plural) similar
These coats are similar
Incorrect: Cliff’s glasses are similar like yours, but his cost a lot less.
Correct : Cliff’s glasses are similar to yours, but his cost a lot less.
or
Cliff’s glasses and yours are similar, but his cost a lot less.
Incorrect: That joke is similar as a joke that I heard.
Correct : That joke is similar to a joke that I heard.
Or
That joke and a joke that I heard are similar
.
Incorrect: All of the other departments are similar this one.
Correct : All of the other departments are similar to this one .
or
All of the other departments and this one are similar.
Problem 88 General Similarity–Like and Alike
noun like noun
This coat is like that one
noun noun alike
This coat and that one are alike
noun (plural) alike
These coats are alike.
Incorrect: Your recipe for chicken is like to a recipe that my mother has.
Correct: Your recipe for chicken is like a receipe that my mother has. or
Your recipe for chicken and a recipe that my mother has are alike.
Incorrect: I want to buy some shoes same like the ones I have on.
Correct : I want to buy some shoes like the ones I have on.
or
The shoes I want to buy and the shoes I have on are alike.
Incorrect: Anthony and his brother don’t look like.
Correct : Anthony doesn’t look like his brother.
or
Anthony and his brother don’t look alike.
Problem 89 Specific Similarity–Quality Nouns
noun V the same noun (quality) as noun
She is the same age as John
Incorrect: The gold chain that Edith saw is same weight as yours.
Correct : The gold chain that Edith saw is the same weight as yours.
Incorrect: Please cut my hair the same length like the style in this magazine.
Correct : Lease cut my hair the same length as the style in this magazine.
Incorrect: Is this thread the same color the cloth?
Correct : Is this thread the same color as the cloth?
Problem 90 Specific Similarity–Quality Adjectives
noun V as adjective (quality) as noun
She is as old as John
Incorrect: He is not as tall like his brother.
Correct : He is not as tall as his brother.
Incorrect: The meat at the supermarket is not as expensive than the meat at a
butcher shop.
Correct : The meat at the supermarket is not as expensive as the meat at a
butcher shop.
Incorrect: College Station is not as big Austin.
Correct : College Station is not as big as Austin.
Problem 91 General Difference –Different from and Different
noun different from noun
This coat is different from that one
noun noun different
This coat and that one are different
noun (plural) different
These coats are different
Incorrect: Long distance telephone rates for daytime hours are different than
rates for nighttime hours.
Correct :Long distance telephone rates for daytime hours are different from rates for nighttime hours.
or
Long distance telephone rates for daytime hours and rates for nighttime hours are different.
Incorrect: A nursery school is different a day care center.
Correct : A nursery school is different from a day care center.
or
A nursery school and a day care center are different.
Incorrect: The tour packages that we offer are different than most tours.
Correct : The tour packages that we offer are different from most tours.
or
The tour packages that we offer and most tours are different.
Problem 92 General Difference –to Differ from
DIFFER from
This one differs from the rest
Incorrect: The campus at State University different from that of City College.
Correct :The campus at State University differs from that of City College. Or
The campus at State University different from that of City College.
Incorrect: Jayne’s apartment is very differs from Bill’s even though they are
in the same building.
Correct :Jayne’s apartment is very different from Bill’s even though they
are in the same building.
or
Jayne’s apartment differs from Bill’s even though they are in the
same building.
Incorrect: Customs differ one region of the country to another.
Correct :Customs differs from one region of the country to another.
or
Customs are different from one region of the country to another.
QUIZ MEETING 11
QUIZ : READING COMPRHENSION
1. According to this passage, what is another name for organic architecture?
A. Natural architecture
B. Aesthetic architecture
C. Principle architecture
D. Varied architecture
2. The word ultimately in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. formulate
B. eventually
C. supposedly
D. Obviously
3. The word upheld paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.invalidated
B. disputed
C. promoted
D. perceived
4. The following examples are all representative of natural architecture EXCEPT
A. a bank that is built to look like a Greek temple
B. a bank built so that the location is important to the structure
C. a bank that is built to conform to the colors of the natural surroundings
D. a bank that is built to be functional rather than beautiful
5. Why does the author compare an organic architect to a sculptor?
A. To emphasize aesthetics
B. To give an example of natural principles
C. To make a point about the development of geometry
D. To demonstrate the importance of style
6.The word obscured paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. difficult to see
B. in high demand
C. not very attractive
D. mutually beneficial
7.With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
A. Form follows function
B. Function follows form
C. Function is not important to form
D. Form and function are one
8.Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature?
A. Nature should be conquere
B. Nature should not be considered.
C. Nature should be respected.
D. Nature should be improved.
Problem 78 Nouns that function as Adjectives
Remember that when two nouns occur together, the first noun describes the second noun; that is, the first noun functions as an adjective. Adjectives do not change form, singular or plural.
noun noun
All of us are foreign language teachers
Avoid using a plural form for the first noun even when the second noun is plural. Avoid using a possessive form for the first noun.
Examples
Incorrect:May I borrow some notebooks paper?
Correct :May I borrow some notebook paper?
Problem 79 Hyphenated Adjectives
Remember that is a common for a number to appear as the first in a series of hyphenated adjectives. Each word in a hyphenated adjective is an adjective and doesn’t change form, singular or plural.
A adjective – adjective noun
Agriculture 420 is a five – hour class
a adjective – adjective – adjective noun
A sixty – year – old employee may retire
Avoid using a plural form for any of the adjectives joined by hyphens even when the noun that follows is plural.
Examples :
Incorrect:A three minutes call anywhere in the United States costs less than a
dollar when you dial it yourself
Correct :A three minute call anywhere in the United States costs less than a
dollar when you dial it yourself
Problem 80 Adjectives Ending in –ed and –ing
Remember that –ing noun that functions as an adjective usually expresses cause. It is derived from an active verb. An –ed adjective usually expresses result. It is derived from a passive verb.
–ed adjective (by someone or something)
The audience is thrilled (by the concert)
–ed adjective (to someone or something)
The concert is thrilling (to the audience)
Examples
Incorrect:We were surprising by the results of the test.
Correct :We were surprised by the results of the test.
(The results were surprising)
Problem 81 Cause-and-Result –So
Remember that so is used before an adjective or an adverb followed by that. The so clause expresses cause. The that clause expresses result.
CAUSE RESULT
adverb
S V so adjective that S V
She got up so late that she missed her bus
The music was so loud that we couldn’t talk
Avoid using as or too instead of so in clauses of cause. Avoid using as instead of that in clauses of result.
Examples
Incorrect:He is so slow as he never gets to class on time.
Correct :He is so slow that he never gets to class on time
Problem 82 Cause-and-Result–Such
Remember that the such clause expresses cause and the that clause expresses result.
CAUSE RESULT
SVsuch aadjectivecount noun (singular)thatSV
It wassuch ahot day that We wentout
Or
SVsuch adjective a count noun (singular)that SV
It was so hot a day that we went out
Avoid using so or from instead of such before a. Avoid omitting a from the patterns.
CAUSE RESULT
count noun (singular)
noun
S V such adjective (noncount) that S V
These are such long assignments that I can’t finish them
This is such good news thatI will call them
Avoid using so instead of such
Examples
Incorrect:It was so interesting book that he couldn’t put it down.
Correct :It was such an interesting bookthat he couldn’t put it down.
or
It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.
Problem 83 Emphasis –Too
Remember that too means excessively. The
too clause expresses cause. The infinitive expresses result.
CAUSE RESULT
too adjective infinitive
The tea is too hot to drink
Avoid using so or such a instead of too before an adjective when an infinitive follows.
Examples
Incorrect:The top shelf in the cupboard is so high for me to reach.
Correct :The top shelf in the cupboard istoo high for me to reach.
Problem 84 Emphasis–Very
Remember that very is used for emphasis. Very does not usually introduce a clause or infinitive that expresses result.
very adjective
This tea is very hot
Avoid using too or so instead of very when there is no clause of result.
Note: In conversational English, you will often hear so instead of very, but this is not correct in the kind of formal, written English found on the TOEFL.
Examples
Incorrect:We went out to eat because we were too hungry.
Correct :We went out to eat because we were very hungry.
QUIZ MEETING 10
QUIZ : READING COMPREHENSION
1. With which of the following topics in the passage primarily concerned?
A. The Black Acacia
B. Characteristic and varieties of the Acacia
C. Australian varieties of the Acacia
D. The use of Acacia wood in ornamental furniture
2. How many species of Acacia grow well in the southern United States?
A. Five hundred C. Twelve
B. Three hundred D. Three
3. The word thrive paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. grow well C. were planted
B. are found D. can live
4. The word these in paragraph 2 refers to?
A. United States C. species
B. varieties D. trees and shrubs
5. According to this passage, the Silver Wattle ?
A.is squat and bushy
B. has unobtrusive blossoms.
C. is taller than the Bailey Acacia
D. is used for making furniture
6. In paragraph 2, the word flat most nearly means ?
A. smooth B. pretty C. pointed D. Short
7. The word showy in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ?
A. strange B. elaborate C. Huge D. Fragile
8. Which of the following Acacias has the least colorful blossoms?
A. Bailey Acacia C. Silver Wattle
B. Sidney Golden Wattle D. Black Acacia
9. Which of the following would most probably be made from a Black Acacia tree?
A. A flower arrangement B. A table C. A pie D. Paper
10. When do Acacia trees bloom in Australia?
A. February B. Summer C. August D. Spring
Problem 73 Sufficiency – Enough with Nouns
Remember that enough means sufficient. It can be used before or after a plural count or a noncount noun.
noun (count–plural)
noun (noncount)
We have enough tickets
We have enough time
noun (count–plural)
noun (noncount)
We have tickets enough
We have time enough
Avoid using as and the with enough. Avoid using a singular count noun instead of a plural count noun.
Examples:
Incorrect :There aren’t enough car for all of us to go.
Correct :There aren’t enough cars for all of us to go.
or
There aren’t cars enough for all of us to go.
Problem 74 Sufficiency – Enough with Adjectives
Remember that enough with adjective means sufficiently.
S V adjective enough infinitive
It is warm enough to go swimming
S V not adjective enough infinitive
It is not warm enough to go swimming
Avoid using enough before the adjective instead of after it. Avoid using as between enough and the infinitive.
Examples:
Incorrect :Her little car isn’t big enough as to seat more than two people
comfortably.
Correct :Her little car isn’t big enough to seat more than two people
comfortably.
Problem 75 Consecutive Order – One, Another, the Other
Remember that one, another, and the other are used before or instead of singular count nouns. When they are used before singular count nouns, they are adjectives. When they are used instead of singular count nouns, they are pronouns.
One, another, and the other organize three nouns consecutively. One and the other organize two nouns consecutively. One means the first one mentioned. Another means one more in addition to the first one mentioned. The other means the one remaining.
1 2
one count noun(singular) another count noun (singular)
One movie start at five, another movie starts at seven, and
3
the other count noun (singular)
the other movie starts at nine
1 2 3
One count noun(singular) another the other
One bus leaves at two, another at six, and the other at ten
Examples:
Incorrect :One of my roommates studies engineering, another studies business,
and the another studies computer science.
Correct :One of my roommates studies engineering, another (roommate) studies business, and the other(roommate) studies computer science.
Problem 76 Consecutive Order – Some, Other, the Other Some, Others, the Others (the Rest)
Remember that some, other, and the other are used before plural count nouns. They are adjectives.
1 2
Some count noun(plural) other count noun(plural)
Some houses are for rent, other houses are for sale, and
3
the other
the rest of the count noun (plural)
the other houses are empty
the rest of the
Some, others, and the others (the rest) are used instead of plural count nouns.
They are pronouns.
1 2
Some count noun (plural) others
Some schools are universities, others are colleges, and
Some schools are universities, others
are colleges, and
3
the others
the rest
the others are junior colleges
the rest are junior colleges
Avoid using another instead of other. Avoid using rest of or rest instead of the rest of the or the rest.
Examples:
Incorrect :Some of these T-shirts are red, others are blue, and rest are white.
Correct :Some of these T-shirts are red,others are blue, and the rest are
white.
Problem 77 Numerical Order
Remember that the is used with an ordinal number before a singular count noun to express numerical order.
A cardinal number is used after a singular count noun to express numerical order.
Remember that the following are ordinal numbers:
first; second; third; fourth; fifth; sixth; seventh; eight; ninth; tenth; eleventh; twelve; thirteenth; fourteenth; fifteenth; sixteenth; seventeenth; eighteenth; nineteenth; twentieth.
the ordinal number count noun(singular)
I am outlining the sixth chapter in my notebook
Avoid using the before the cardinal number or before the noun. Avoid using an ordinal number instead of a cardinal number.
Remember that the following are cardinal numbers:
one; two; three; four; five; six; seven; eight; nine; ten; eleven; twelve; thirteen; fourteen; fifteen; sixteen; seventeen; eighteen; nineteen; twenty.
count noun(singular) cardinal number
I am outlining chapter six in my notebook
Avoid using the before the cardinal number or before the noun. Avoid using an ordinal number instead of a cardinal number.
Examples:
Incorrect :Flight 656 for Los Angeles is now ready for boarding at the concourse seven.
Correct :Flight 656 for Los Angeles is now ready for boarding at concourse seven.
QUIZ MEETING 9
Quiz : Reading Comprehension
1. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A.Precipitation C. New York State
B. Snowfall D. A general formula
2. Which of the following is another word that is often used in place of precipitation?
A. Humidity B. Wetness C. Rainfall D. Rain-snow
3. The term precipitation include
A. only rainfall C. rain, snow, and humidity
B. rain, hail, and snow D. rain, hail, and humidity
4. What is the average of annual rainfall in inches in the United States?
A. Thirty-six inches C. Forty inches
B. Thirty-eight inches D. Forty-two inches
5. If a state has 40 inches of snow in a year, by how much does this increase the annual precipitation?
A. By two feet C. By four feet
B. By four inches D. By 40 inches
6. If a state has 40 inches of snow in a year, by how much does this increase the annual precipitation?
A. By two feet C. By four feet
B. By four inches D. By 40 inches
7. The phrase proximity to in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. communication with C. nearness to
B. dependence on D. similarity to
8. Where is the annual precipitation highest?
A. The Atlantic Coast C. The Gulf of Mexico
B. The Great Lakes D. The Pacific Coast
9. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor in determining the amount of precipitation that an area will receive?
A. Mountains B. Latitude C. The sea D. Wind
10. The word substantially in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. fundamentally C. completely
B. slightly D. Apparently
11. The word that in the paragraph 2 refers to
A. Decreases C. areas
B. precipitation. D. mountain ranges
few
non (count)
Few
reference books
may be check out
little non
(noncount)
Before he came to the U.S., he had done little
traveling
Incorrect: My brother used to help me a lot,but now he gives me few
advice.
Correct : My brother used to help me a lot, but now he gives me little
advice..
Incorrect: He had to balance his account very carefully because he had
few
money.
Correct : He had to balance his account very carefully because he had
little money.
Problem 68
Much and Many
many noun (count–plural
There are
many
television programs
for children on Saturday
much noun (noncount)
We don’t have
much
information
Incorrect: How much years have you been living in Texas?
Correct : How many years have you been living in Texas?
Incorrect: He always has much problems with his teeth.
Correct : He always has many problems with his teeth.
Incorrect: I think that there is too many violence on TV.
Correct : I think that there is too much violence on TV.
Problem 69
A Little and Little
A Few and Few
a little
little noun (noncount)
We have a little time
We have little time
a few
few noun (count–plural)
We made a few mistakes
We made few mistakes
Incorrect: There are few tickets left for the concert.
Correct : There are a few tickets left for the concert.
(some)
Incorrect: A few people in my apartment building are friendly.
Correct : Few in my apartment building are friendly.(not many)
Problem 70 Only a Few and Only a Little
only a few noun (count–plural)
Only a few dollars have been budgeted for supplies
Only a little noun (noncount)
We have only a little homework for Monday
Incorrect: We will need only a few food for the picnic.
Correct : We will need only a few food for the picnic.
Incorrect: Only few people were at the reception
Correct : few people were at the reception.
Problem 71 : A Large (Small) Number of and a large (Small) Amount of
large
A number of
small noun (count–plural)
A large number of students from other countries attend State University
large
A amount of
small noun (noncount)
A small amount of rain is expected tomorrow
Incorrect: The lab has a large number of equipment.
Correct : The lab has a large amount of equipment. equipment.
Problem 72 Almost All of the and Most of the
almost all (of the)
most all (of the) noun (count–plural) verb (plural)
Almost all (of the) trees in our yard are oaks
Most (of the) trees are oaks
almost all (of the)
most all (of the) noun (noncount) verb (singular)
Almost all (of the) art by R. C. Gorman is expensive
Most (of the) art by R. C. Gorman is expensive
incorrect: Most of the teachers at State University care about their students’
progress.
Correct : Almost of the teachers at State University care about their students’
progress.
or
Almost all teachers at State University care about their students’ progress.
or
Most of the teachers at State University care about their students’ progress.
or
Most teachers at State University care about their students’ progress.
QUIZ MEETING 8
Quiz : Reading Comprehension Section
1. With what topics is the passage primarily concerned?
A. Colonies of protozoans
B. Mastigophora
C. Motility in protozoans
D. Characteristic of protozoans
2. The word mimute in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. very common C. very old
B. very fast D. very small
3. What is protoplasm?
A. A class of protozoan
B. The substance that forms the cell of a protozoan
C. A primitive animal similar to a protozoan
D. An animal that develop from a protozoan
4. What is the purpose of the large nucleus in the Ciliata?
A. It generates the other nucleus.
B. It contains the genetic code for the small nucleus.
C. It regulates growth.
D. It reproduces itself.
5. What does the author mean by the statement They are fantastically diverse, but three major groups may be identified on the basis of their motility?
A. The three major groups are unique in that they all move in the same manner.
B. Everything we know about the protozoans is tied into their manner of movement.
C. The manner of movement is critical when classifying the three major groups of
protozoan.
D. Mobility in the protozoan is insignificant.
6. To which class of protozoans do the amoebae belong?
A. Mastigophora B. Ciliata C. Sarcodina D. Motility
7. What is the purpose of the large nucleus in the Ciliata?
A. It generates the other nucleus.
B. It contains the genetic code for the small nucleus.
C. It regulates growth.
D. It reproduces itself.
8. Why are protozoans classified as animals?
A. They do not live on simple organic compounds.
B. They collect in colonies.
C. They respond uniformly to outside stimulate.
D. They may have more than one cell.
9. The word they in paragraph 3 refers to
A. protozoans. C. investigations
B. microscope D. Colonies
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true of protozoans?
A. There are approximately 40,000 species.
B. They are the most primitive forms of animal life.
C. They have a large cell and a smaller cell.
D. They are difficult to observe.
Problem 62 Determiner–A and An
A consonant sound
A foreign student must have an I-20 form
A vowel sound
An international student must have an I-20 form
Incorrect : Chemistry 100H is a honors section.
correct : Chemistry 100H is ________ section.
Incorrect : Let’s just wait an year or two before we get married.
Correct : Let’s just wait a ______ or two before we get married.
4
Incorrect : I’ll call you back in a hour.
correct : I’ll call you back in ______.
Problem 63 Noncount Nouns with Qualifying Phrases with –The
The noncount nouns Qualifying Phrases
The art of the Middle Ages is on display
Incorrect: Science of genetic engineering is not very old.
Correct : _______________ is not very old.
Incorrect: History of this area is interesting.
Correct : ________________ is interesting.
Incorrect: Work of many people made the project a success .
Correct : ___________________ made the project a success.
5
Problem 64 Meaning All
all noun (noncount) verb (singular)
Ǿ
All art is interesting
Art is interesting
all noun (count-plural) verb (plural)
Ǿ
All trees prevent erosion
Trees prevent erosion
Incorrect: I like the music.
Correct : I like ____________.
(all music)
Incorrect: The mathematics is easy for me.
6
Correct : _____________ is easy for me.
(all mathematics)
Incorrect: Professor Collins is an expert in the microbiology.
Correct : Professor Collins is an expert in ______________.
(all microbiology)
Problem 65 No Meaning Not Any
noun (count singular) verb (singular)
no noun (count plural) verb (plural)
No tree grows above the tree line
No trees grow above the tree line
no noun (noncount) verb (singular)
No art is on display today
Incorrect : We have not a file under the name Wagner.
Correct : We have _______ under the name Wagner.
Incorrect : None of cheating will be tolerated.
Correct : ____________ will be tolerated.
7
Incorrect : Bill told me that he has none friends.
Correct : Bill told me that he has ____________.
Problem 66 One of the and Some of the
one of the noun (count plural) verb (singular)
One of the trees is dead
some of the noun (count plural) verb (plural)
Some of the trees are dead
some of the noun (count plural) verb (plural)
Some of the art is in the museum
Incorrect : One of my friends are in the hospital.
Correct : _______________ in the hospital.
Incorrect : You should save some of the moneys.
Correct : You should save ___________________.
8
Incorrect : One of the best reason to eat vegetables is to add fiber to your diet.
Correct : ________ best ______ to eat vegetables is to add fiber to your diet.
QUIZ MEETING 7
Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION
1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A. To describe the San Andreas Fault
B. To give a definition of a fault
C. To explain the reason for tremors and earthquakes
D. To classify different kinds of faults
2. How does the author define the San Andreas Fault?
A. A plate that underlies the North American continent
B. A crack in the Earth’s crush between two plates
C. Occasional tremors and earthquakes
D. Intense pressure that builds up
3. The word originates in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. gets wider C. begins
B. changes direction D. disappears
4. In which direction does the western side of the fault move?
A. West B. East C. North D. South
5. The word it in the paragraph 1 refers to
A. San Francisco B. ocean C. coast D. fault
6. The word intermittent in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which one of the following?
A. dangerous C. uncommon
B. predictable D. occasional
7. Along the San Andreas Fault, tremors are
A. small and insignificant C. frequent events
B. rare, but disastrous D. very unpredictable
8. The phrase “the Big One” refers to which of the following?
A. A serious earthquake C. The river scale
B. The San Andreas Fault D. California
9. Which of the following words best describes the San Andreas Fault?
A. Straight B. Deep C. Wide D. Rough
Problem 52 Count Nouns
Remember that count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Plural numbers can precede count nouns but not noncount nouns.
There are several categories of count nouns that can help you organize your study. Some of them are listed here.
1. Names of persons, their relationships, and their occupations:
one boy two boys
one friend two friends
one student two students
2. Names of animals, plants, insects:
one dog two dogs
one flower two flowers
one bee two bees
3. Names of things with a definite, individual shape:
one car two cars
one house two houses
one room two rooms
4. Units of measurement
one inch two inches
one pound two pounds
one degree two degrees
5. Units of classification in society:
one family two families
one country two countries
one language two languages
6. Containers of noncount solid, liquids, pastes, and gases:
one bottle two bottles
one jar two jars
one tube two tubes
7. A limited number of abstract concepts:
one idea two ideas
one invention two inventions
one plan two plans
Number (plural) Noun (count-plural)
sixty years
Avoid using a singular count noun with a
plural number.
Examples :
– Incorrect :We have twenty dollar left.
Correct :We have twentydollars left.
Problem 53 : Nouncount Nouns
Remember noncount nouns have only one form. They are used in agreement with singular verbs. The word the does not precede them.
There are categories of noncount nouns that can help you organize your study. Some of them are listed here.
1.Food staples that can be purchased in various forms:
•bread
•meat
•Butter
2. Construction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made:
•wood
•iron
•Grass
3. Liquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the container:
•oil
•tea
•milk
4. Natural substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws:
•steam, water, ice
•smoke, ashes
•oxygen
5. Substances with many small parts:
•rice
•sand
•sugar
6. Groups of things that have different sizes and shapes:
•clothing (a coat, a shirt, a sock)
•furniture (a table, a chair, a bed)
•luggage (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)
•
7. Languages:
•Arabic
•Japanese
Spanish
8. Abstract concepts, often with endings -ness, -ance, -ence, -ity:
•beauty
•ignorance
•piece
9. Most -ing forms:
•learning
•shopping
•working
Noun (noncount) verb (singular)
Friendship is important
Avoid using the before a nouncount noun. Avoid using a plural verb with a nouncount noun.
Examples :
Incorrect :The happiness means different things to different people.
Correct :Happiness means different things to different people.
Problem 54 Nouns with Count and Nouncount Meanings
Remember that some nouns may be used asnoncount nouns depending on their meanings. Materials are abstract concepts arenoncount nouns, but they may be used ascount nouns to express specific meanings.
|
Count noun
|
Specific meaning
|
Noun
|
Nouncount
|
General meaning
|
|
an agreement
|
an occasion
|
agreement
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
agreements
|
a document
|
|
|
all agreements
|
|
a bone
|
a part of a
|
|
bone
|
construction
|
|
bones
|
skeleton
|
|
|
material
|
|
a business
|
a company
|
business
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
business
|
|
|
|
all businessTransactions
|
|
a cloth
|
a piece of
|
|
cloth
|
construction
|
|
cloths
|
cloth
|
|
|
material
|
|
a decision
|
an occasion
|
decision
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
decisions
|
|
|
|
all decisions
|
|
an education
|
a specific
|
education
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
educations
|
|
|
|
all decisions
|
|
a fire
|
an event
|
|
fire
|
material
|
|
fires
|
|
|
|
|
|
a glass
|
a container
|
|
glass
|
construction
|
|
glasses
|
|
|
|
material
|
|
a history
|
a historical
|
history
|
|
abstract concept
|
|
histories
|
account
|
|
|
all history
|
|
an honor
|
an occasion
|
honor
|
|
abstract concept
|
|
honors
|
or an award
|
|
|
all honor
|
|
a language
|
a specific
|
language
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
languages
|
variety
|
|
|
all languages
|
|
a life
|
a specific
|
|
life
|
abstract concept
|
|
lives
|
person’s
|
|
|
all life
|
|
a light
|
a lamp
|
|
light
|
the absence of
|
|
lights
|
|
|
|
darkness
|
|
a noise
|
a specific
|
noise
|
|
abstract concept
|
|
noises
|
sound
|
|
|
all sounds
|
|
a pain
|
a specific
|
|
pain
|
abstract concept
|
|
pains
|
occasion
|
|
|
all pain
|
|
a paper
|
a document
|
paper
|
|
construction
|
|
papers
|
or sheet
|
|
|
material
|
|
a pleasure
|
a specific
|
pleasure
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
pleasures
|
occasion
|
|
|
all pleasure
|
|
a silence
|
a specific
|
silence
|
|
abstract concept
|
|
silences
|
occasion
|
|
|
all silences
|
|
a space
|
a blank
|
|
space
|
the universe
|
|
spaces
|
|
|
|
|
|
a stone
|
a small rock
|
|
stone
|
construction
|
|
stones
|
|
|
|
material
|
|
a success
|
an achieve-
|
success
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
successes
|
ment
|
|
|
all success
|
|
a thought
|
an idea
|
|
thought
|
abstract concept
|
|
thoughts
|
|
|
|
all thought
|
|
a time
|
a historical period
|
time
|
|
abstract concept
|
|
times
|
or moment
|
|
|
all time
|
|
a war
|
a specific war
|
|
war
|
the general act of war
|
|
wars
|
|
|
|
all wars
|
|
a work
|
an artistic creation
|
work
|
|
employment
|
|
works
|
|
|
|
abstract concept
|
|
|
|
|
all work
|
a document
I have a paper due Monday
construction material
Let’s use paper to make the present
Avoid using count nouns with specific meanings to express the general meanings of noncount nouns.
Examples :
Incorrect r. Bradley will receive special honor at the graduation.
Correct r. Bradley will receive a special honor at the graduation. (an
award)
Problem 55 Count and Nouncount Nouns with Similar Meanings
Remember that there are pairs of nouns with similar meanings, but one is a count noun and the other is a noncount noun.
|
Count noun
|
Nouncount noun
|
|
a climate
|
weather
|
|
climates
|
|
|
a laugh
|
laughter
|
|
laughs
|
|
|
a human being
|
humanity
|
|
human beings
|
|
|
a job
|
work
|
|
jobs
|
|
|
a machine
|
machinery
|
|
machines
|
|
|
a man
|
mankind; man
|
|
men
|
|
|
a person
|
people
|
|
persons
|
|
|
a snowflake
|
snow
|
|
snowflakes
|
|
|
a sunbeam
|
sunlight; sunshine
|
|
sunbeams
|
|
|
a traffic jam
|
traffic
|
|
traffic jams
|
|
a noun (count)
The shape of a snowflake is unique
Avoid using a with a noncount noun instead of a singular count noun.
Examples :
Incorrect :California has a good weather.
Correct :California has good weather.
or
California has a good climate.
Problem 56 Noncount Nouns that Are Count Nouns in Other Languages
Remember, many nouns that are count nouns in other languages may be noncount nouns in English.
Some of the most troublesome have been listed for you on the following page.
advice; anger; courage; damage; equipment; fun; homework; ignorance; information; knowledge; leisure; luck; money; music; news; patience; permission; poetry; poverty; progress.
Noun (noncount)
Did you do your homework
Avoid using a or an before noncount nouns.
Examples :
Incorrect o you have an information about it?
Correct o you have information about it?
Problem 57 Singular and Plural Expression of Noncount Nouns
Remember that the following singular and plural expressions are idiomatic:
a piece of advice two pieces of advice
a piece of bread two pieces of bread
a piece of equipment two pieces of equipment
a piece of furniture two pieces of furniture
a piece of information two pieces of information
a piece of jewelry two pieces of jewelry
a piece of luggage two pieces of luggage
a piece of mail two pieces of mail
a piece of music two pieces of music
a piece of news two pieces of news
a piece of toast two pieces of toast
a loaf of bread two loaves of bread
a slice of bread two slices of bread
an ear of corn two ears of corns
a bar of soap two bars of soap
a bolt of lightning two bolts of lightning
a clap of thunder two claps of thunder
a gust of wind two gusts of wind
a singular of noun (noncount)
A folk song a piece of Popular music
number plural of noun (noncount)
I order twelve bars of soap
Avoid using the noncount noun without the singular or plural idiom to express a singular or plural.
Examples :
Incorrect :A mail travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the
envelope.
Correct :A piece of mail travels faster when the zip code is indicated on
the envelope.
Problem 58 Classifications–Kind and Type
Remember that kind and type express classification.
kinds noun (plural count)
types of (noncount)
Cable TV has many different kinds of shows
Dr. Parker gives several types of homework
kind noun (singular count)
one type of (noncount)
One kind of show Is news
One type of homework is a lab report
Avoid using kind and type with a plural noun. Avoid using kind and type without of.
Examples :
Incorrect :There are four kind of Coke now.
Correct :There are four kinds of Coke now.
Problem 59 Infinitive and –ing Subjects
Remember that either an infinitive or an -ing form may be used as the subject of a sentence or clause.
S (infinitive) V
To read a foreign language is even more difficult
S (-ing) V
Reading quickly and well requires practice
Avoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive or an -ing in the subject. Avoid using to with an -ing form.
Examples :
Incorrect :To working provides people with personal satisfaction as well
as money.
Correct :To work provides people with personal satisfaction as well as
money.
or
Working provides people with personal satisfaction as well as
money.
Problem 60 Qualifying Phrases with –ing Nouns
Remember that -ing form may be used as a noun. In some grammar books, the -ing form is called a gerund. Remember that -ing form are usually noncount nouns and that noncount nouns are not preceded by the unless followed by a qualifying phrase.
We have already classified most -ing form as noncount nouns, but there is one pattern in which the is used with a noncount noun-ing noun. When a prepositional phrase qualifies the noun, that is, adds specific information, the may be used with an-ing noun subject.
qualifying phrase
the -ing of noun
The reading of technical material requires knowledge of technical terms
Examples :
Incorrect :Correcting errors in a language class can be embarrassing.
Correct :The correctingof errors in a language class can be
embarrassing.
Problem 61 Nominal That Clause
Remember that sometimes the subject of a verb is a single noun. Other times it is a
long noun phrase or a long noun clause.
One example of long noun clause is the nominal that clause. Like all clauses, the nominal that clause has a subject and verb. The nominal that clause function as the main subject of the main verb which follows it.
Nominal that clause S V
That vitamin C prevents colds is well known
Examples :
Incorrect :That it is that she has known him for a long time influenced her
decision.
Correct :That she has known him for a long timeinfluenced her
decision.
QUIZ MEETING 6
QUIZ : COMPREHENSION
1. Which of the following would the best title for the passage?
A.Webster’s Work C. Webster’s School
B. Webster’s Dictionary D. Webster’s Life
2. The word inadequate in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. unavailable C. difficult
B. Expensive D. unsatisfactory
3. Why did Webster write A Grammatical Institutes of the English Language?
A. He wanted to supplement his income.
B. There were no books available after the Revolutionary War.
C. He felt that British books were not appropriate for American children.
D. The children did not know how to spell.
4. From which publication did Webster earn a lifetime income?
A. Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
B. An American Dictionary of the English Language
C. An American Dictionary of the English Language: Second Edition
D. The American Spelling Book
5. The word considerable in paragraph 1 most nearly means
A.large B. prestigious C. steady D. unexpected
6. When was An American Dictionary of the English Language published?
A. 1817 B. 1807 C. 1828 D. 1824
7. The word it in the paragraph 2 refers to
A.language. B. Usage C. Authority D. Dictionary
8. The word distinct in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. new B. simple C. different D. Exact
9. According to this passage, which one of the following spellings would Webster have approved in his dictionaries?
A. Develop B. Theatre C. Color D. Honor
Problem 42 Subject Pronouns
Remember personal pronouns used as the subject of a sentence or clause should be subject case pronouns.
Pronoun (subject) V
If the weather is good Ellen and I will go to the beach
Remember that the following pronouns are subject pronouns:
I; you; he/she; it; we; you; they
Avoid using an object pronoun as a subject.
Examples
Incorrect :When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for
another apartment.
Correct :When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another
apartment.
Problem 43 Subject Pronouns in Complement Position
Remember that in complement position after the verb BE, a subject pronoun must be used.
It Be pronoun (subject)
It is he whom the committee has named
Avoid using an object pronoun instead of a subject pronoun after the verb BE.
Examples
Incorrect :It was her whom everyone wanted to win.
Correct :It was she whom everyone wanted to win.
Problem 44 Object Pronouns
Remember personal pronouns used as the complement of a sentence or clause should be object case pronouns.
S V pronoun (object)
They asked us, Jane and me, whether we were satisfie
Remember that the following pronouns are object pronouns:
me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them
Avoid using a subject pronoun as an object.
Let pronoun (object) V
Let us (you and me) try to reach an agreement
Avoid using a subject pronoun after let.
Examples
Incorrect :He always helps my wife and I with our tax returns.
Correct :He always helps my wife and mewith our tax returns.
Problem 45. Object Pronouns after prepositions
Remember personal pronouns used as the object of a preposition should be object case pronouns.
preposition pronoun (object)
I would be glad to take a massage for her
Remember that the following prepositions are commonly used with object pronouns:
among, between, for, from, of, to, with
Avoid using a subject pronoun instead of an object pronoun after a preposition.
Examples
Incorrect :The experiment proved to my lab partner and I that prejudices about
the results of an investigation are often unfounded.
Correct :The experiment proved to my lab partner and me that prejudices about
the results of an investigation are often
unfounded.
Problem 46. Possessive Pronouns Before –ing Forms
Remember that possessive pronouns are used before –ing nouns.
The following are possessive pronouns:
my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their
V Ph
S V pronouns (possessive) -ing form (noun)
We can count on her helping us
He regretted their misunderstanding him
Avoid using subject or object pronouns between the verb and the -ing form.
Examples
Incorrect :We don’t understand why you object to him coming with us.
Correct :We don’t understand why you object to his coming with us.
Problem 47 Possessive Pronouns Before Parts of the Body
Remember that possessive pronouns are used before the nouns that a part of the body.
pronoun (possessive) noun (part of the body)
He hurt his arm
Avoid using the instead of a possessive pronoun.
Examples
Incorrect :How did you twist the ankle?
Correct :How did you twist your ankle?
Problem 48 Relative Pronouns that Refer to Person and Things.
Remember that who is used to refer to persons, and which is used to refer to things.
someone who
She is the secretary who works in the international office
Avoid using which instead of who in reference to a person.
something which
This is the new typewriter which
you ordered
Avoid using who instead of which in reference to a thing.
Examples
Incorrect :The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the room.
Correct :The people who cheated on the examination had to leave the room.
Problem 49. Relative Pronouns that refer to Persons
Remember that both who and whom are used to refer persons. Who is used as the subject of a sentence or a clause. Whom is used as the complement of a sentence or a clause.
Whom is often used after a preposition as the object of the preposition.
who V
Everyone who took the tour was impressed by the paintings
Avoid using whom as the subject of a verb.
` whom V
He was the only American whom I saw at the conference
Avoid using who instead of whom before a subject and a verb.
Examples
Incorrect :I asked him who he was calling.
Correct :I asked him whom he was calling.
Problem 50 Reflexive Pronouns
Remember that reflexive pronouns may be used when both the subject and the complement refer to the same person or thing. Reflexive pronouns are used as the complement of a sentence or a clause or as the object of preposition. The following are reflexive pronouns:
Myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself;
ourselves; yourselves; themselves
S V pronoun (reflexive)
Some language learners can correct themselves
Avoid using object pronouns or possessive pronouns instead of reflexive pronouns.
Examples
Incorrect :Be careful or you will hurt to
you.
Correct :Be careful or you will hurt toyourself.
Problem 51 Reciprocal Pronouns
Remember that the reciprocal pronouns phrase each other may be used when the plural subject and complement refer to the same persons or things, and they are performing a reciprocal (mutual) act.
S V pronoun (reciprocal)
My sister and I visit each other about once a week
Remember that each other is used to express mutual acts for all persons. One another is also correct.
Examples
Incorrect :Family members love to each other.
Correct :Family members love each other.
QUIZ MEETING 5
Quiz meeting 5 with problem 31 – 41
QUIZ : COMPREHENSION
1.What is this passage mainly about?
A.The evolution of the horse
B.The migration of horses
C.The modern-day pony
D.The replacement of the anchitheres by the hipparion
2.According to the author, fossils are considered valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?
A.they suggest how the climate may have been
B.they provide information about migration
C.they document the evolution of the horse
D.they maintain a record of life prior to the Miocene Age
3.The word instigated in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by?
A.Explained B.Caused C.Improved D.Influenced
4.What does the author mean by the statement Geologists believe that the first horses appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago as compared with two million years ago for the appearance of human beings?
A.Horses appeared long before human beings according to the theories of geologists.
B.Both horses and human beings appeared several million years ago, if we believe
geologists.
C.The geological records for the appearance of horses and human beings are not very
accurate.
D.Horses and human beings cannot be compared by geologists because they appeared too
long ago.
5.Which of the following conclusions may be made on the basis of information in the passage?
A.The hipparions migrated to Europe to feed in developing grasslands.
B.There are no fossil remains of either the anchitheres or the hipparion.
C.There were horses in North America when the first European colonists arrived.
D.Very little is known about the evolution of the horse.
6.The word extinct in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to?
A.Familiar B.Widespread C.nonexistent D.tame
7.It can be concluded from this passage that the?
A. Miocene Period was prior to the Pleistocene
B.Pleistocene Period was prior to the Miocene
C.Pleistocene Period was prior to the Pliocene
D.Pliocene Period was prior to Miocene
PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVES
A passive changes the emphasis of a sentence. Usually in a passive, the event or result is more important than the person who causes it to happen.
For example, born, known as, and leftare participles. They are commonly used with BE in passive sentences.
Why? Because the person born, the person known, and the person or thing left are the important parts of the sentences.
•Problem 31 Passive–Word Order
Remember that in a passive sentence, the actor is unknown or not important. The subject is not the actor.
Passive sentences are also common in certain styles of scientific writing.
S Be participle
State University is located at the corner of College and Third
Avoid using a participle without a form of the verb BE.
Examples
Incorrect :My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold.
Correct :My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold.
(It is the ring, not the person who made the ring, that is important.)
•Problem 32 Passive–Agent
Remember that in a passive sentence, the actor is unknown or not important. The subject is not the actor.
The actor in a passive sentence is called the agent.
person
by machine
This report was written by Phil
It was printed by computer
Avoid using for or from instead of by.
Examples
Incorrect :The decisions on cases like this are made from Dean White.
Correct :The decisions on cases like this are made by Dean White.
•Problem 33 Passive–Infinitives
Remember that a passive infinitive can be used with a present form of the BE verb to express a future inspection, and with the past form of BE verb to express an intention
that was not realized in the past
S Be (present) to be participle future time
The project is to be completed by 2005
S Be (past) to be participle future time
The project was to be completed by 1995
Avoid using a participle without to or be to express intention. Avoid using a verb word instead of a participle with to be.
Examples
Incorrect :The play was to be cancel, but it was only postponed.
Correct :The play was to be canceled, but it was only postponed.
•Problem 34 Necessity for Repair or Improvement–Need
Remember that NEED may express necessity for repair or improvement.
S NEED -ing form
This paragraph needs revising
Avoid using an infinitive or a participle instead of an –ing form.
S NEED to be participle
This paragraph needs to be revised
Avoid using –ing form instead of a participle.
Examples
Incorrect :His car needs to fix.
Correct :His car needs fixing.
or
His car needs to be fixed.
•Problem 35 Belief and Knowledge–Anticipatory It
Remember that an anticipatory it clause expresses belief or knowledge. Anticipatory means before. Some it clauses that go before main clauses are listed below:
It is believed; It is hypothesized; It is known; It is said; It is thought; It is true; It is written
Anticipatory it that S V
It is believed that all mammals experience dreams.
Avoid using –ing form, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an anticipatory it clause.
Examples
Incorrect :It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as
well.
Correct :It is hypothesized that the subjectsin the control group will not score as
well.
PROBLEMS WITH HAVE + PARTICIPLE
Have, has, or had + participle express duration of time.
•Problem 36 Duration–HAVE Participle
Remember HAVE + participle means that the activity is extended over a period of time. HAVE + participle is especially common with adverbs of duration such as since and for.
S HAVE participle
(duration)
The English language has changed since Shakespeare’s time.
Avoid using the participle instead of HAVE + participle. Avoid using a verb word or a past form instead of a participle.
Examples
Incorrect :We have live in Seattle for five years.
Correct :We have lived in Seattle for five years.
•Problem 37 Duration–HAVE + Been + Participle
Remember that HAVE + been + participle means that a recently completed activity was extended over a period of time.
Remember that it is a passive. The actor is not known or not important.
HAVE been participle
She has been accepted to State University
Avoid using HAVE + participle instead of HAVE + been + participle in a passive pattern. Avoid using been + participle.
Examples
Incorrect :The party has planned for two weeks.
Correct :The party has been planned for two weeks.
(It is the party, not the person who planned it, that is important.)
•Problem 38 Predictions–Will Have + Participle
Remember that will have followed by a participle and a future adverb expresses a prediction for a future activity or event.
adverb (future) S will have participle
By the year 2010 researchers will have discovered a cure of cancer
Avoid using will instead of will have.
Examples
Incorrect :You will finished your homework by the time the movie starts.
Correct :You will have finished your homework by the time the movie starts.
•Problem 39 Unfulfilled Desires in the Past–Had Hoped
Remember that had hoped expresses a hope in the past that did not happen.
S had hoped that S would verb word
We had hoped that she would change her mind
Avoid using a verb word instead of would and a verb word.
Avoid using the incorrect pattern:
S had hoped object pronoun -ing form verb word
We had hoped her changing her mind
Examples
Incorrect :He had hoped that he graduate this semester, but he couldn’t finish his thesis
in time.
Correct :He had hoped that he would graduate this semester, but he couldn’t finish his
thesis in time.
PROBLEMS WITH HAVE + PARTICIPLE
Auxiliary verbs are additional verbs that may be used with main verbs to add meaning. For example, all of the forms of BE, HAVE, DO, and all modals are auxiliary verbs.
•Problem 40 Missing Auxiliary Verb–Active
Remember that some main verbs require auxiliary verbs
BE -ing
Mom is watering her plants.
HAVE participle
Mom has watered her plants
MODAL verb word
Mom should water her plants.
Avoid using –ing forms without BE, participles without HAVE, and verb words without modals when–ing, a participle, or a verb word function as main verb.
Examples
Incorrect :The party is a surprise, but all of her friends coming.
Correct :The party is a surprise, but all of her friends are coming.
•Problem 41 kj
Missing Auxiliary Verb–Passive
Remember the passive requires an auxiliary BE verb.
S BE participle
The plants are watered
The plants have been watered
The plants should be watered
Avoid using a passive without a form of BE.
Examples
Incorrect :The phone answered automatically.
Correct :The phone is answered automatically.
QUIZ MEETING 4
Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION – STRUCTURE SECTION
1. With which of the following topics in the passage primarily concerned?
A. Local research and harmful effects of fertilizer
B. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid fertilizer
C. A formula for the production of fertilizer
D. Content, form, and effects of fertilizer
2. The word essential in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. limited. B. preferred C. anticipated D. required
3. Which of the following has the smallest percentage content in the formula 4-8-2?
A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Acid D. Potash
4. What is the percentage of nitrogen in a 5-8-7 formula fertilizer?
A. 3 percent B. 5 percent C. 7 percent D. 8 percent
5. The word designate in the paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. Modify B. specify C. Limit D. increase
6. Which of the following statements about fertilizer is true?
A. Powders are more popular than ever.
B. Solids are difficult to store.
C. Liquids are increasing in popularity.
D. Chemical granules are difficult to apply.
7. The word they in the paragraph 2 refers to
A. Powder B. solids C. Liquids D. fertilizer
8. The word convenient in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. Effective B. plentiful C. easy to use D. heap to produce
Problem 21 Factual Conditionals–Absolute, Scientific Results
CONDITION RESULT If S V (present) , S V (present) If a catalyst is used , the reaction occurs more rapidlyOrCONDITION RESULT If S V (present) , S will verb word If a catalyst is used , the reaction will occur more rapidlyIncorrect: If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they withered and died.Correct : If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they wither and die. or If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they will wither and die.
Incorrect: If the trajectory of a satellite will be slightly off at lunch, it will get worse as the flight progresses.Correct : If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at lunch, it gets worse as the flight progresses. or If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at lunch,it will get worse as the flight progresses.
Incorrect: If light strikes a rough surface, it diffused.Correct : If light strikes a rough surface, it diffuses . or If light strikes a rough surface, it will diffuse .
Problem 22 Factual Conditionals – Probable Resultsfor the Future
will canIf S V (present) , S may verb word If we find her address , we will write her
will canS may verb word if S V (present) We will write her if we find her address
Incorrect: We will wait if you wanted to goCorrect : We will wait if you want to go or If you want to go, we will wait.
Incorrect: If you listen to the questions carefully, you answer them easily.Correct : If you listen to the questions carefully, you will answer them easily. or You will answer them easily if you listen to the questions carefully.
Incorrect: If we finished our work a little early today, we’ll attend the lecture at the art museum.Correct : If we finish our work a little early today, we’ll attend the lecture at the art museum. or We’ll attend the lecture at the art museum if we finish our work a little early today.
Problem 23 Factual Conditionals – Possible Results
would couldIf S V (past) , S might verb wordIf we found her address, we would write herIf we found her address, we could write herIf we found her address, we might write her or would could S might verb word if S V (past)We would write her if we found her addressWe could write her if we found her addressWe might write her if we found her address
Incorrect: If Judi didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t have been so nervous.Correct : If Judi didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t be so nervous. or Judi wouldn’t be so nervous if she didn’t drink so much coffee.
Incorrect: If you would go to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning.Correct : If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning. or You wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning if you went to bed earlier.
Incorrect: If she would eat fewer sweets, she would lose weight.Correct : If she ate fewer sweets, she would lose weight. or She would lose weight if she ate fewer sweets.
Problem 24 Factual Conditionals – Probable Changes In Past Results
would have could haveIf S had participle , S might have participleIf we had found her address, we would have written herIf we had found her address, we could have written herIf we had found her address, we might have written her
Incorrect: If her mother let her, Anne would have stayed longer. Correct : if her mother had let her, Anne would have stayed longer. or Anne would have stayed longer if her mother had let her.
Incorrect: If we would have known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met her at the bus station. Correct : If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met at the bus station. or We could have met her at the bus station if we had known that she had planned to arrive today.
Incorrect: If I had more time, I would have checked my paper again. Correct : if i had had more time, i would have checked my paper again. or i would have checked my paper again if i had had more time.
Problem 25 Contrary–to–Fact Conditionals–Impossible Results Were
If S wereIf the party were on Friday, we could go.
Incorrect: If the meat was a little more done, this would be an excellent meal.Correct : If the neat were a little more done, this would be an excellent meal. (The meat is not done) or This would be an excellent meal if the meat were a little more done. (The meat is not done)
Incorrect: If my daughter is here, I would be very happy. Correct : If my daughter were here, I would be very happy. (My daughter is not here) or I would be very happy if my daughter were here. (My daughter is not here)
Incorrect: This apartment be perfect if it were a little larger. Correct : This apartment be perfect if it were a little larger. (The apartment is not larger.) or If it were a little larger, this apartment be perfec. (The apartment is not larger.)
Problem 27 Importance–Subjunctive–Verbs
S V that S VMr. Johnson prefers that she speak with him personally
Incorrect: The foreign student advisor recommended that she studied more English before enrolling at the university.Correct : The foreign student advisor recommended that she study more English before enrolling at the university.
Incorrect: The law requires that everyone has his car checked at least once a year.Correct : The law requires that everyone have his car checked at least once a year.
Incorrect: She insisted that they would give her a receipt.Correct : She insisted that they give her a receipt.
Problem 28 Importance–Nouns Derived from Subjunctive Verbs
demand; insistence; preference; proposal;recommendation; request; requirement; suggestion.
noun that S verb word The recommendation that we be evaluated was approved
Incorrect: She ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise.Correct : She ignored the the suggestion that she get more exercise.
Incorrect: The terrorist’s demand that the airline provides a plane will not be met by deadline.Correct : The terrorist’s demand that the airline provide a plane will not be met by deadline.
Incorrect: He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he dropping the class.Correct : He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he drop the class.
Problem 29 Importance–Impersonal Expressions
essential; imperative;important; necessary.It is adjective infinitive It is important to verify the data orIt is adjective that S verb word It is important that the data be verify
Incorrect: It is important that I will speak with Mr. Williams immediately.Correct : It is important to speak with Mr. William immediately. or It is important that i speak with Mr. Williams immediately.
Incorrect: It is imperative that your signature appears on your identification card.Correct : It is imperative to sign your identification card. or It is imperative that your sign appear on your identification card.Incorrect: It is essential that all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July 1.Correct : It is essential to file all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July 1. or It is essential that all applications and transcripts be filed no later than July 1.
QUIZ MEETING 4
Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION – STRUCTURE SECTION
1. With which of the following topics in the passage primarily concerned?
A. Local research and harmful effects of fertilizer
B. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid fertilizer
C. A formula for the production of fertilizer
D. Content, form, and effects of fertilizer
2. The word essential in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. limited. B. preferred C. anticipated D. required
3. Which of the following has the smallest percentage content in the formula 4-8-2?
A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Acid D. Potash
4. What is the percentage of nitrogen in a 5-8-7 formula fertilizer?
A. 3 percent B. 5 percent C. 7 percent D. 8 percent
5. The word designate in the paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. Modify B. specify C. Limit D. increase
6. Which of the following statements about fertilizer is true?
A. Powders are more popular than ever.
B. Solids are difficult to store.
C. Liquids are increasing in popularity.
D. Chemical granules are difficult to apply.
7. The word they in the paragraph 2 refers to
A. Powder B. solids C. Liquids D. fertilizer
8. The word convenient in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. Effective B. plentiful C. easy to use D. heap to produce
Problem 21 Factual Conditionals–Absolute, Scientific Results
CONDITION RESULT If S V (present) , S V (present) If a catalyst is used , the reaction occurs more rapidlyOrCONDITION RESULT If S V (present) , S will verb word If a catalyst is used , the reaction will occur more rapidlyIncorrect: If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they withered and died.Correct : If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they wither and die. or If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they will wither and die.
Incorrect: If the trajectory of a satellite will be slightly off at lunch, it will get worse as the flight progresses.Correct : If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at lunch, it gets worse as the flight progresses. or If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at lunch,it will get worse as the flight progresses.
Incorrect: If light strikes a rough surface, it diffused.Correct : If light strikes a rough surface, it diffuses . or If light strikes a rough surface, it will diffuse .
Problem 22 Factual Conditionals – Probable Resultsfor the Future
will canIf S V (present) , S may verb word If we find her address , we will write her
will canS may verb word if S V (present) We will write her if we find her address
Incorrect: We will wait if you wanted to goCorrect : We will wait if you want to go or If you want to go, we will wait.
Incorrect: If you listen to the questions carefully, you answer them easily.Correct : If you listen to the questions carefully, you will answer them easily. or You will answer them easily if you listen to the questions carefully.
Incorrect: If we finished our work a little early today, we’ll attend the lecture at the art museum.Correct : If we finish our work a little early today, we’ll attend the lecture at the art museum. or We’ll attend the lecture at the art museum if we finish our work a little early today.
Problem 23 Factual Conditionals – Possible Results
would couldIf S V (past) , S might verb wordIf we found her address, we would write herIf we found her address, we could write herIf we found her address, we might write her or would could S might verb word if S V (past)We would write her if we found her addressWe could write her if we found her addressWe might write her if we found her address
Incorrect: If Judi didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t have been so nervous.Correct : If Judi didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t be so nervous. or Judi wouldn’t be so nervous if she didn’t drink so much coffee.
Incorrect: If you would go to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning.Correct : If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning. or You wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning if you went to bed earlier.
Incorrect: If she would eat fewer sweets, she would lose weight.Correct : If she ate fewer sweets, she would lose weight. or She would lose weight if she ate fewer sweets.
Problem 24 Factual Conditionals – Probable Changes In Past Results
would have could haveIf S had participle , S might have participleIf we had found her address, we would have written herIf we had found her address, we could have written herIf we had found her address, we might have written her
Incorrect: If her mother let her, Anne would have stayed longer. Correct : if her mother had let her, Anne would have stayed longer. or Anne would have stayed longer if her mother had let her.
Incorrect: If we would have known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met her at the bus station. Correct : If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met at the bus station. or We could have met her at the bus station if we had known that she had planned to arrive today.
Incorrect: If I had more time, I would have checked my paper again. Correct : if i had had more time, i would have checked my paper again. or i would have checked my paper again if i had had more time.
Problem 25 Contrary–to–Fact Conditionals–Impossible Results Were
If S wereIf the party were on Friday, we could go.
Incorrect: If the meat was a little more done, this would be an excellent meal.Correct : If the neat were a little more done, this would be an excellent meal. (The meat is not done) or This would be an excellent meal if the meat were a little more done. (The meat is not done)
Incorrect: If my daughter is here, I would be very happy. Correct : If my daughter were here, I would be very happy. (My daughter is not here) or I would be very happy if my daughter were here. (My daughter is not here)
Incorrect: This apartment be perfect if it were a little larger. Correct : This apartment be perfect if it were a little larger. (The apartment is not larger.) or If it were a little larger, this apartment be perfec. (The apartment is not larger.)
Problem 27 Importance–Subjunctive–Verbs
S V that S VMr. Johnson prefers that she speak with him personally
Incorrect: The foreign student advisor recommended that she studied more English before enrolling at the university.Correct : The foreign student advisor recommended that she study more English before enrolling at the university.
Incorrect: The law requires that everyone has his car checked at least once a year.Correct : The law requires that everyone have his car checked at least once a year.
Incorrect: She insisted that they would give her a receipt.Correct : She insisted that they give her a receipt.
Problem 28 Importance–Nouns Derived from Subjunctive Verbs
demand; insistence; preference; proposal;recommendation; request; requirement; suggestion.
noun that S verb word The recommendation that we be evaluated was approved
Incorrect: She ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise.Correct : She ignored the the suggestion that she get more exercise.
Incorrect: The terrorist’s demand that the airline provides a plane will not be met by deadline.Correct : The terrorist’s demand that the airline provide a plane will not be met by deadline.
Incorrect: He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he dropping the class.Correct : He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he drop the class.
Problem 29 Importance–Impersonal Expressions
essential; imperative;important; necessary.It is adjective infinitive It is important to verify the data orIt is adjective that S verb word It is important that the data be verify
Incorrect: It is important that I will speak with Mr. Williams immediately.Correct : It is important to speak with Mr. William immediately. or It is important that i speak with Mr. Williams immediately.
Incorrect: It is imperative that your signature appears on your identification card.Correct : It is imperative to sign your identification card. or It is imperative that your sign appear on your identification card.Incorrect: It is essential that all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July 1.Correct : It is essential to file all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July 1. or It is essential that all applications and transcripts be filed no later than July 1.
QUIZ MEETING 3
Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION
1. Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs ?
A. The temperature of the ocean’s surface
B. Cloud formation over the ocean
C. A model of the ocean’s movements
D. The location of sea ice
2. With which topic is the passage primarily concerned ?
A. Technological advances in oceanography
B. Communication among divers
C. Direct observation of the ocean floor
D. Undersea vehicles
4. The word sluggish in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to?
A. nervous B. confuse C. slow moving D. very week
5. Divers have had problems in communicating underwater because ? A. the pressure affected their speech organs
B. the vehicles they used have not been perfected
C. they did not pronounce clearly
D. the water destroyed their speech organs
6. This passage suggests that the successful exploration of the ocean depends upon ?
A. vehicles as well as divers
B. radios that divers use to communicate
C. controlling currents and the weather
D. the limitations of diving equipment
7. Undersea vehicles ?
A. are too small for a man to fit inside
B. are very slow to respond
C. have the same limitations that divers have
D. make direct observations of the ocean floor
8. THE word cruise in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ?
A. travel at a constant speed
B. function without problems
C. stay in communication
D. remain still
9. How is radio-equipped buoy operated ?
A. By operators inside the vehicle in the part underwater
B. By operators outside the vehicle on a ship
C. By operators outside the vehicle on a diving platform
D. By operators outside the vehicle on a laboratory on shore
10. Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs ?
A. The temperature of the ocean’s surface
B. Cloud formation over the ocean
C. A model of the ocean’s movements
D. The location of sea ice
QUIZ MEETING 2
Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION
1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A. To propose a theory to explain sunspots
B. To describe the nature of sunspots
C. To compare the umbra and penumbra in sunspots
D. To argue for the existence of magnetic fields in sunspots
2. The word controversial in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to
A. widely accept C. just introduced
B. open to debate D. very complicated
3. Solar particles are hurled into space by
A. undetermined causes
B. disturbances of wind
C. small rivers on the surface of the sun
D. changes in the Earth’s atmosphere
4. The word particles in paragraph 1 refer to
A. gas explosions in the atmosphere
B. light rays from the sun
C. liquid streams on the sun
D. small pieces of matter from the sun
5. How can we describe matter from the sun that enters the Earth’s atmosphere?
A. Very small B. Very hot C. Very bright D. Very hard
6. What does the author mean by the statement Actually, the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for their apparently darker color?
A. Neither sunspots nor the photosphere is hot
B. Sunspots in the photosphere do not have any color
C. The color of sunspots could be affected by their temperature.
D. The size of a sunspot affects its temperature.
7. The word they in the paragraph 3 refers to
A. structure B. spots C. miles D. Granules
8. The word consequently in the paragraph 3 could best be replaced by
A. as a result B. nevertheless C. without doubt D. in this way
9. In which configuration do sunspots usually occur?
A. In one spot of varying size
B. In a configuration of two spots
C. In arrangements of one hundred or more spots
D. In groups of several thousand spots
10. How are sunspots explained?
A. Sunspot appear to be related to magnetic fields on the earth.
B. sunspot may be related to magnetic fields that follow longitudinal lines on the sun
C. Sunspot are explained by storms that occur on the earth
D. Sunspot have no theoryor model to explain them
11. The sunspot theory is
A. Not considered very important
B. Widely accepted
C. Subject to disagreement
D. Relatively new
Quiz Meeting
Meeting 1 Quiz :
Reading Comprehension
1.This passage is a summary of
A. Opera in Italy C. the development of operaB. the Camerata D. Euridice
2.According to this passage, when did modern opera begin?
A . In the time of the ancient Greeks B. In the fifteenth century C. At the beginning of
the sixteenth century D. At the beginning of the seventeenth century
3.The word it in paragraph 1 refers to
A. opera C. Era B. Date D. music
4.According to the author, what did Jacopo Peri write?
A. Greek tragedy C. The opera Maria de Medici B. The first opera D. The opera
The Camerata
5.The author suggests that Euridice was produced
A. in France B. originally by Sopocles and Aeschylus
C. without much success D. for the wedding of King Henry IV
6.What was The Camerata?
A. A group of Greek musicians
B. Musicians who developed a new musical drama based upon Greek drama
C. A style of music not known in Italy
D. The name given to the court of King Henry IV
7.The word revive in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. appreciate C. modify B. Resume D. investigate
8.The word plot in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to
A. locations C. stories B. instruments D. inspiration
9.From what did the term “opera” derive?
A. Greek and Roman history and mythology
B. non-Italian composers
C. The Italian phrase that means “musical works”
D. The ideas of composer Jacopo Peri.
Quiz : Structure • Problem 1 Missing Main Verb S
VThe sound of the dryer bothers my concentration.
Incorrect: Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven?
Correct : Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven is good?
Or Do you know whether the movie starts at seven?
Incorrect: Sam almost always a lot of fun.
Correct : Sam is almost always a lot of fun.
Incorrect: The book that I lent you having a good bibliography.
Correct : The book that I lent you has a good bibliography.
• Problem 2 Verbs that Require an Infinitive in the Complement S
V C (infinitive) MWe had planned to leave day before yesterday.
Incorrect: We demand knowing our status.
Correct : We demand to know our status.
Incorrect: I intend the inform you that we cannot approve your application.
Correct : I intend to infor you that we cannot approve your application.
Incorrect: They didn’t plan buying a car.
Correct : They didn’t plan to buy a car.
Incorrect: The weather tends improving in May.
Correct : The weather tends to improv in May.
• Problem 3 Verbs that Require an –ing Form in the Complement
S V C (infinitive) M He enjoys traveling by plane.
Incorrect: Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer.
Correct : Hank completed writing his thesis this summer.
Incorrect: I miss to watch the news when I am traveling.
Correct: I miss watching the news when I am traveling.
Incorrect: She mentions to stop et El Paso in her letter.
Correct : She mentions stopping et El Paso in her letter.
• Problem 4 Verb Phrases that require an –ing Form in the Complement
S V Ph C (-ing) MShe forgot about canceling her appointment.
Incorrect: We can’t help to wonder why she left.
Correct : We can’t help wondering why she left.
Incorrect: I have been looking forward to meet you.
Correct : I have been looking forward to meeting you.
Incorrect: We wouldn’t mind to wait.
Correct : We wouldn’t mind waiting
PROBLEMS WITH TENSE S
V (past) MThe concert beganat eight o’clock.
Incorrect: We eat dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year.
Correct : We ate dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year.
Incorrect: My nephew begun working for me about ten years ago.
Correct : My nephew began working for me about ten years ago.
Incorrect: I know that you been forty on your last birthday.
Correct : I know that you has forty on your last birthday.
• Problem 6 Modal + Verb Word
S modal verb wordThey might visit us.
Incorrect: I would, if there is time, liking to make a phone call.
Correct : I would, if there is time, like to make a phone call.
Incorrect: Betty may, with effort, to pass this course.
Correct : Betty may, with effort, pass this course.
Incorrect: The flight should to be on time.
Correct : The flight should be on time.
• Problem 7 Logical Conclusions – Events in the Past
S must have participle past timeMy friend must have called last night.
Incorrect: The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must buy it.
Correct : The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must have bought it.
Incorrect: He doesn’t have his keys; he must locked them in his car
Correct : He doesn’t have his keys; he must have locked them in his car.
Incorrect: I don’t see Martha anywhere; she must be left early.
Correct : I don’t see Martha anywhere; she must have left early.
• Problem 8 Logical Conclusions – Events in the Present
S must be -ing present tense My friend must be calling now.
S must be adjective present time He must be upset now.
Incorrect: He is taking a walk; he must have felt better now.
Correct : He is taking a walk; he must have felting better now.
Incorrect: She must be study at the library now because all of her books are gone.
Correct : She must be studying at the library now because all of her books are gone.
Incorrect: Sarah must get a divorce (now) because her husband is living in an apartment.
Correct : Sarah must be geting a divorce (now) because her husband is living in an apartment.
puspawidanti 